- What's 'n' (compounding periods)?
- How many times per year interest is calculated: 1 (annual), 12 (monthly), 365 (daily), 4 (quarterly). More frequent = slightly higher effective rate.
- Why do monthly contributions grow so much?
- Each contribution starts earning interest immediately. The earliest contributions compound for the entire period. A year-early contribution at 7% becomes ~2× after 10 years.
- What's APR vs APY?
- APR: annual rate ignoring compounding. APY: effective annual yield including compounding. For comparison, always use APY.
- Can I model withdrawals?
- Negative monthly contributions simulate drawdowns. Useful for retirement-withdrawal planning. Break-even analysis: when does the portfolio run out?